Preysubduing

Preysubduing is the act by which a predator renders its prey immobile or unable to resist, typically as a prelude to consumption. The term covers a variety of strategies that physically restrain, stun, or kill prey and is observed in many animal groups, from invertebrates to large vertebrates.

Predators subdue prey through several mechanisms. Constriction, as used by snakes and some invertebrates, tightens around the prey to impair circulation or respiration. Grasping and crushing bites in mammals can immobilize by restricting movement or severing essential functions. Venom delivery, employed by snakes, spiders, and some marine species, can rapidly paralyze or kill prey. Electrical discharge, used by electrogenic fish and a few other taxa, momentarily disrupts neural activity. In some cases, rapid trauma or a decisive killing bite suffices to prevent escape. Often predators use a combination of methods depending on prey size, environment, and risk of injury.

Examples include constricting snakes that coil around and suffocate their prey, large carnivores that deliver fatal neck bites, birds of prey that pin and pierce with talons, and venomous species that immobilize before feeding. Invertebrate predators such as spiders, scorpions, and mantis shrimps also subdue prey using venom, crushing, or stabbing strikes.

Ecological and evolutionary significance lies in reducing energy costs, minimizing injury risk, and increasing feeding success. Preysubduing tactics vary with prey defenses, habitat, and predator constraints. Related concepts include predation, immobilization, and hunting strategies.