Plecos

Plecos is the common name for many species of freshwater catfish in the family Loricariidae, native to rivers and streams of South America. They are popular in aquariums for their armored bodies and suction-cup mouths, which allow them to cling to surfaces and scrape algae.

Anatomy and ecology: Loricariids have bony plates instead of scales, a ventrally oriented suckermouth, and often barbels around the mouth. They are typically bottom-dwellers and most are nocturnal. Their natural habitats range from fast-flowing streams to slow rivers, and many species rely on driftwood or other plant matter in the diet.

Diet and care in captivity: Plecos are generally herbivorous or omnivorous, feeding on algae, biofilm, and plant matter. Some species, however, require wood or other specific foods to stay healthy. In aquariums, they are usually fed sinking pellets, algae wafers, vegetables, and, for wood-eating species, driftwood. A varied diet and stable water conditions are important, and some species can outgrow small tanks.

Size and common kept species: The term pleco covers a wide size range. Small species such as bristlenose plecos (Ancistrus spp.) stay under about 15 cm, while larger ones like the common pleco (Hypostomus plecostomus) and sailfin pleco (Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps) can require very large tanks. Other popular species include the zebra pleco (Hypancistrus zebra), which remains comparatively small but is prized for its pattern.

Reproduction and conservation: Plecos are typically egg-layers, with males often guarding the eggs in crevices. Some species are threatened in their natural range due to overcollection and habitat loss; many plecos are bred in captivity for the aquarium trade to reduce wild collection.