Loricariidae

Loricariidae, commonly known as armored catfishes or suckermouth catfishes, is a diverse family of freshwater catfishes in the order Siluriformes. The group is predominantly Neotropical, occurring mainly in South American river basins with additional species in Central America and the Caribbean. With roughly 90 genera and more than 700 described species, Loricariidae is one of the largest families of catfishes.

A defining feature is the presence of bony dermal plates that form an armored body. They have a ventrally oriented mouth adapted as a suckermouth, allowing them to cling to rocks and other surfaces in flowing waters. Most species also possess odontodes along the body and fins, giving a rough texture.

Ecology and diet vary, but most loricariids are algae or biofilm grazers and detritivores, feeding off rocks, submerged wood, and other surfaces. Some lineages specialize on wood-eating, such as certain Panaque and Panaqolus species. Habitats range from fast streams to calm waters; many species are nocturnal and shy, with life in crevices, caves, or among submerged structures.

Reproduction typically involves spawning on submerged surfaces, with males guarding eggs and newly hatched fry until they are free-swimming. Parental care patterns are diverse but commonly feature male involvement in egg and fry defense.

In aquaculture, loricariids are popular for their algae-eating abilities and varied shapes and sizes, frequently kept in home aquariums under names like plecos. They require stable water conditions, appropriate tank setups, and species-specific care. Some larger species produce substantial bioload, and release into non-native habitats can impact ecosystems. Taxonomically, the family is divided into several subfamilies, including Hypostominae, Ancistrinae, and Loricariinae.