Piezoelétricos

Piezoelétricos refers to piezoelectricity, a phenomenon observed in certain crystalline materials where mechanical stress produces an electric charge, and conversely, an electric field causes deformation. This effect is bidirectional and forms the basis of many technological applications.

The piezoelectric effect is exhibited by materials with an asymmetric crystal structure. When these materials are subjected to mechanical pressure, their internal positive and negative charge centers shift, resulting in a net electric dipole moment and thus an electric charge on the material's surface. Conversely, applying an electric field across a piezoelectric material causes its internal dipoles to align, leading to a physical change in its shape or size.

Commonly used piezoelectric materials include quartz, certain ceramics like lead zirconate titanate (PZT), and some polymers. The strength of the piezoelectric effect varies significantly among different materials.

Applications of piezoelectricity are widespread. They are found in transducers that convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice versa. Examples include microphones, sensors (pressure sensors, accelerometers), actuators (precision positioning systems), and igniters for gas stoves and lighters. Piezoelectric materials are also used in ultrasonic devices for medical imaging and cleaning, as well as in frequency control in electronic circuits due to their resonant properties. The development and understanding of piezoelectricity have had a significant impact on modern electronics and sensing technologies.