igniters

An igniter is a device that initiates combustion or burning within a system. Igniters convert electrical, chemical, or thermal energy into a localized heat source or flame, starting the reaction of fuels with oxidizers. They are used in a wide range of applications, including internal combustion engines, gas appliances, industrial burners, rocket motors, and firearms.

Electric ignition systems use an energy pulse to create a spark or to heat an element until it glows. Spark plugs in spark-ignited engines generate a high-energy spark across a gap to ignite the air–fuel mixture. In other contexts, hot-surface igniters or plasma-arc igniters heat a surface or create plasma to start combustion. Some systems employ laser or microwave ignition as well.

Chemical or pyrotechnic igniters rely on a small energetic charge that produces heat and flame on demand. These are common in rocket propulsion, airbag inflators, and certain industrial burners where a compact, reliable heat source is required.

In firearms and ammunition, the primer serves as the primary igniter. The primer contains a sensitive explosive that detonates when struck by the firing pin, transferring energy to the propellant charge.

Safety and reliability considerations include resistance to heat, vibration, and corrosion, as well as precise timing, consistent performance, and safe handling and storage. Failures can lead to misfires, delayed ignition, or unintended ignition.