Pietsosähköisten

Pietsosähköisten refers to phenomena and materials exhibiting the piezoelectric effect. This effect is a property of certain solid materials where they generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. Conversely, these same materials will deform mechanically when an electric field is applied across them. This bidirectional relationship is known as the direct piezoelectric effect and the converse piezoelectric effect, respectively.

The piezoelectric effect is observed in crystalline materials that lack a center of symmetry in their crystal lattice. Common examples include quartz, Rochelle salt, and certain ceramics like lead zirconate titanate (PZT). When these materials are subjected to pressure or tension, their internal charge distribution is disturbed, leading to a net electric dipole moment and thus a surface electric charge. The magnitude of this charge is proportional to the applied stress.

The converse piezoelectric effect allows piezoelectric materials to act as transducers. Applying a voltage across a piezoelectric crystal causes its shape to change. This change in shape can be used to generate mechanical vibrations, sound waves, or precise movements. The frequency of vibration is typically related to the dimensions and resonant frequency of the piezoelectric element.

Applications of piezoelectricity are widespread. They are found in electronic applications such as frequency standards in oscillators, ultrasound transducers for medical imaging and sonar, igniters for gas lighters and stoves, and in sensors for pressure, acceleration, and force measurement. Microphones, speakers, and actuators also utilize this effect. The ability to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice versa makes piezoelectric materials indispensable in numerous modern technologies.