Microphones

A microphone is a device that converts acoustic energy into an electrical signal. By capturing sound waves and converting them into variations in voltage, microphones enable recording, amplification, and transmission of sound in music, broadcasting, film, and communications. The output is typically routed through preamplifiers and processing equipment.

Most microphones operate on one of two transduction principles. Dynamic microphones use a diaphragm attached to a moving coil in a magnetic field; they are rugged, have high durability, and can handle loud sound sources without distortion, but may have limited high-frequency response. Condenser microphones use a capacitor with a diaphragm forming one plate; they require external electrical power (often phantom power) to maintain the backplate bias. They offer higher sensitivity and broader frequency range, but are more susceptible to moisture and handling noise. Ribbon microphones use a very thin metal ribbon and produce a smooth, natural tone; they are delicate and typically require careful use at moderate sound levels.

Microphones also differ in their pickup patterns, or polar responses. Cardioid mics pick up primarily from the front and reject sound from the rear, making them common for stage and studio use. Omnidirectional mics pick up evenly from all directions, while bidirectional mics pick up the front and back.

Applications vary from studio recording and live sound to broadcast, podcasting, and field recording. Selection depends on factors such as frequency response, self-noise, sensitivity, impedance, and the environment. Practical considerations include power requirements, connection type, and placement.

Proper maintenance includes protecting condensers from moisture, using windscreens and pop filters to reduce plosives, and handling ribbon mics with care. When not in use, store in a cool, dry place; replace damaged cables and calibrate if needed.