Phrynosoma

Phrynosoma is a genus of horned lizards in the family Phrynosomatidae, native to arid regions of North America and extending into parts of Central America. The genus comprises about 20 species, commonly known as horned lizards or horned toads. They are adapted to desert and semi-arid habitats and are a recognizable group within their ecosystems.

Phrynosoma species are typically small to medium-sized lizards with flattened bodies, broad triangular heads, and horn-like spines or scales on the head and along the body. Their coloration ranges to blend with sandy, rocky, or desert backgrounds, providing camouflage from predators. They often have rough, spiny skin that helps deter foraging birds and mammals.

These lizards inhabit deserts, scrublands, and dry woodlands, from the southwestern United States through Mexico and into parts of Central America. They rely on ant populations as a primary food source, especially harvester ants, though they will eat other insects and occasional plant material when available.

Defense strategies include camouflage, Remaining very still, and a specialized blood-squirting defense in some species, where they eject a bright red or orange stream of blood from ocular glands when threatened. Their horns and spines also contribute to deterrence, and some species may burrow or seek shade to escape extreme heat.

Most Phrynosoma species are oviparous, laying a clutch of eggs in late spring or early summer, with clutch sizes ranging from a few to around twenty eggs. Reproduction and activity are closely tied to seasonal temperatures and rainfall.

Conservation status varies by species. Habitat loss, invasive ants, and collection pressure have affected certain populations, while others remain relatively abundant. Protection and habitat management are important for maintaining regional diversity within the genus.