Phormium

Phormium, commonly known as New Zealand flax, is a genus of two evergreen perennial species native to New Zealand. The two species are Phormium tenax and Phormium cookianum. They form fanlike clumps of long, sword-shaped leaves that arise from a rosette at ground level. Leaves are stiff, up to 2–3 meters long in some cultivars, and come in solid green, bronze, copper, or variegated colors depending on variety. In late spring or summer, mature clumps may develop tall flower stalks bearing dense panicles of small flowers, followed by seeds.

Distribution and habitat: Native to New Zealand, from coastal to upland areas; widely cultivated in temperate regions around the world.

Cultivation and care: Highly regarded as ornamental plants in borders and containers. They prefer full sun and well-drained soil, tolerate drought once established, and respond well to light feeding and mulching. Frost tolerance varies by cultivar, with hardy forms surviving light frosts in milder climates; many garden forms struggle in extended freezing. They are relatively slow to establish but form durable clumps.

Propagation: Best by dividing established clumps in spring or early autumn; seed is rarely used for ornamental purposes, as it does not reliably reproduce cultivar traits.

Uses and significance: The leaf fibers of Phormium tenax have been used by Māori peoples for weaving mats, baskets, cloaks, and ropes; hence the common name flax. Today, Phormium remains popular for landscaping due to architectural leaves and colorful cultivars.

Pests and diseases: Generally pest-resistant but can suffer from leaf spot diseases in humid conditions, and root rot in poorly drained soils.