mulching

Mulching is the practice of applying a protective layer of material to the soil surface around plants. Mulches reduce water loss, moderate soil temperature, suppress weeds, and improve soil structure and fertility as organic materials break down. They can also reduce erosion and help regulate soil moisture during dry periods.

Common mulch materials are divided into organic and inorganic types. Organic mulches include straw or hay, wood chips or bark, compost, leaf mold, grass clippings, and pine needles. Inorganic mulches such as gravel, pebbles, rubber, landscape fabric, and plastic sheets last longer and are often used for pathways or decorative beds. Organic mulches gradually feed the soil as they decompose, while inorganic mulches primarily conserve moisture and suppress weeds without adding nutrients.

Application guidelines emphasize avoiding piling mulch against stems or trunks, which can cause rot. A typical depth is about 2 to 4 inches for most plantings; thinner layers around narrow beds or containers. Replenish mulch as it decomposes and keep the area free of weeds before applying. Some materials should be avoided near edible crops unless well composted, and fresh manure should be avoided.

Advantages of mulching include reduced irrigation needs, cooler root zones in summer, warmer soils in winter, improved soil biology, and less weed pressure. Potential drawbacks include nitrogen immobilization in thick organic layers, mold or pests if the mulch is damp and compacted, and the risk of pests attracted to certain mulch types. Regular inspection and replacement keep mulch effective.