PayTV

Pay television, commonly abbreviated as pay TV, refers to systems that require consumers to pay for access to television programming beyond free over-the-air broadcasts. Subscriptions, premium channels, or pay-per-view events restrict access to authorized users, typically delivered through cable, satellite, telephone/DSL IPTV, or, increasingly, internet streaming platforms tied to a paid plan. Pay TV contrasts with free-to-air and ad-supported services that do not require subscriptions.

Traditional linear pay TV delivers scheduled programming via bundled channel packages, often offered by cable or satellite operators and sometimes by telecom providers. Premium services such as HBO, Showtime, or Sky's premium channels provide exclusive content without advertising or with limited ads, usually as an add-on or tier. Many operators also offer video on demand (VOD) and, later, subscription video on demand (SVOD) libraries as part of the same subscription; pay-per-view events allow one-time access to specific titles or events.

Technology enabling pay TV includes conditional access systems and encryption, smart cards or digital receivers, set-top boxes, and more recently apps on smart TVs and streaming devices that verify subscriber rights.

Global pay TV markets grew with cable and satellite distribution from the late 20th century, with notable growth in North America, Europe and parts of Asia. The sector has faced disruption from internet-delivered streaming services and cord-cutting, leading some operators to offer hybrid bundles and bundles with broadband or mobile services. Regulation typically centers on spectrum rights, licensing for content, and consumer protection.