Pantothenic

Pantothenic acid, commonly referred to as vitamin B5, is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human health. It is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and the acyl carrier protein, which are central to fatty acid metabolism and energy production. Through CoA, pantothenic acid participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and supports the production of acetyl-CoA, a key donor of acetyl groups in many biochemical reactions.

Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in foods of both animal and plant origin. Good dietary sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, mushrooms, whole grains, avocados, and many vegetables. The vitamin is relatively stable but can be reduced by excessive heat or processing. The broad distribution of pantothenic acid explains why deficiency is rare in humans.

Clinical deficiency is uncommon; when it occurs, symptoms can include fatigue, irritability, numbness or tingling, muscle cramps, and digestive disturbances. In animals, severe deficiency can produce dermatitis and growth problems. In most populations, normal varied diets provide adequate pantothenic acid, and cases of overt deficiency are rare and typically related to very restricted diets or malabsorption.

There is no established upper intake level for pantothenic acid, and high doses taken as supplements are generally well tolerated, though very large intakes may cause mild gastrointestinal upset in some individuals. People considering supplementation should discuss their needs with a healthcare provider, especially if used for a specific medical condition. Pantothenic acid remains essential primarily for CoA biosynthesis and metabolic function.