PPOK

Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK) is the Indonesian designation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a common, preventable, and treatable lung condition characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The disease results from exposure to noxious particles or gases, most notably tobacco smoke, and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

Key risk factors include cigarette smoking and other tobacco use, exposure to biomass fuel smoke, outdoor and indoor air pollution, occupational inhalants, and a family history or genetic predisposition such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. PPOK typically develops gradually and is more common in older adults, but disease can present at a younger age in those with strong risk exposures.

Pathophysiology involves chronic inflammation of the airways, damage to the small airways, and destruction of lung parenchyma (emphysema). These changes lead to fixed airflow limitation, increased mucus production, bronchial wall thickening, and impaired gas exchange. Exacerbations, infections, and comorbid conditions can accelerate decline in lung function and worsen quality of life.

Symptoms commonly include chronic dyspnea on exertion, a productive cough, and frequent respiratory infections. Wheezing and chest tightness may occur. Diagnosis relies on spirometry showing a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio below a defined threshold, with assessment of symptoms, exacerbation history, and risk factors.

Management focuses on reducing risk factors (notably smoking cessation), vaccinations, and a combination of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapies. Inhaled bronchodilators (short- and long-acting), inhaled corticosteroids in selected cases, pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy for hypoxemia are common components. Severe disease may require surgical options or long-term oxygen. Prevention and early intervention are key to improving outcomes.