PASC

PASC, short for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a medical term used to describe persistent or new symptoms that occur weeks to months after the initial infection with SARS-CoV-2. It is commonly referred to as long COVID in patient communities and some clinical guidance.

Symptoms of PASC are diverse and can affect multiple organ systems. Common manifestations include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, cognitive difficulties often described as brain fog, headache, muscle and joint pains, sleep disturbances, mood changes, and loss of taste or smell. Symptoms may wax and wane and can last more than four to twelve weeks or longer, depending on definitions used by clinicians.

There is no single diagnostic test for PASC. Diagnosis typically involves clinical history, physical examination, and exclusion of alternative causes. Laboratory testing or imaging may be used to assess organ involvement when indicated. Management is typically multidisciplinary and supportive, focusing on symptom relief and rehabilitation. This can include medical therapy for specific symptoms, aerobic and strength training, breathing exercises, activity pacing, mental health support, and coordination of care through primary care or specialty clinics.

Prevalence estimates vary due to differing case definitions and populations, but PASC is broadly recognized as a significant public health issue. Risk factors reported in studies include older age, female sex, higher body mass index, severity of initial COVID-19 illness, and the presence of comorbidities. Ongoing research aims to clarify mechanisms, improve diagnosis, and identify effective treatments. Public health guidance emphasizes vaccination as a preventive measure and supports multidisciplinary care pathways for affected individuals.