Orectolobiformes

Orectolobiformes is an order of sharks commonly known as carpet sharks. It includes a diverse group of species that range from the large, plankton-feeding whale shark to small, bottom-dwelling bamboo sharks. Members occur in tropical and warm temperate oceans around the world, with many species favoring shallow coastal areas, coral reefs, and continental shelves. The order is distinguished by a variety of body forms and ecological roles, but most species are adapted to life near the seafloor.

Ecology and appearance vary widely within Orectolobiformes. Notable members include the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the largest fish in the sea and a filter feeder; the wobbegongs (genus Orectolobus and related) known for their broad, camouflaged bodies; bamboo sharks (Hemiscylliidae), which are small and often inhabit reef crevices; nurse sharks (Ginglymostomatidae), which are slow-moving ambush predators; and the zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum), a distinctive, patterned species commonly seen in shallow tropical waters. Most species are associated with benthic or near-benthic habitats, feeding on a variety of fish, crustaceans, and other invertebrates; the whale shark feeds primarily on plankton and small prey carried by the currents.

Reproduction in Orectolobiformes is diverse. Some species, such as bamboo sharks, lay eggs (oviparous), while many others give birth to live young (ovoviviparous or similar modes). Gestation periods and litter sizes vary by species. Conservation status also varies; several species face threats from overfishing and habitat degradation, with whalesharks listed as vulnerable and others experiencing localized pressures.