Opwekkers

Opwekkers are stimulants—drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, increasing alertness, energy, and mood. In Dutch drug terminology, the term covers both prescription stimulants and illicit substances. Examples include methylphenidate and other ADHD medications, as well as amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, and often MDMA. Opwekkers are distinct from depressants, which slow CNS activity, and from hallucinogens, which alter perception. The category is used in health and policy contexts to describe drugs that generally enhance wakefulness and sociability but carry risks of misuse, dependency, and adverse health effects.

Pharmacology and effects: Opwekkers typically act by increasing levels of monoamines—primarily dopamine and norepinephrine, and in some cases serotonin—in the brain. This produces increased wakefulness, focus, energy, and euphoria, along with reduced appetite and fatigue. Short-term risks include accelerated heart rate and blood pressure, insomnia, anxiety, and irritability. With higher doses or prolonged use, users may experience paranoia, agitation, dehydration, overheating (especially with MDMA), and, over time, tolerance and dependence. Withdrawal can be difficult and may include fatigue, sleep disturbances, and mood changes.

Legal status and usage: In many countries, most opwekkers are controlled substances. Methylphenidate and similar medications are prescribed for ADHD or narcolepsy; misuse can carry legal penalties and health risks. Illicit opwekkers such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, and MDMA are illegal to possess or distribute outside approval. Harm-reduction principles emphasize avoiding mixing drugs, staying hydrated, avoiding overheating, not driving under influence, and seeking medical help for chest pain, severe anxiety, or signs of psychiatric distress. Public health information focuses on safe prescribing, education, and early intervention for problematic use.