Ochrobactrum

Ochrobactrum is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria in the family Brucellaceae. The type species is Ochrobactrum anthropi. The genus includes several species that are commonly found in soil, water, and plant-associated environments and are distinguished from Brucella by a combination of genotypic and phenotypic traits.

Ecology and characteristics: Ochrobactrum species are generally environmental organisms capable of surviving in diverse habitats. They are typically aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and are isolated from clinical specimens only as opportunistic pathogens, especially in people with weakened immune systems or implanted medical devices.

Clinical relevance: Ochrobactrum species are recognized as opportunistic pathogens in humans. Infections are most often seen in immunocompromised patients and in association with indwelling devices and postoperative wounds. Reported infections include bacteremia, pneumonia, peritonitis, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. They are infrequently encountered, but outbreaks in healthcare settings have been described.

Identification and treatment: Laboratory identification can be challenging with some automated systems; MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA sequencing provide more reliable identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility varies by species and strain; therefore, therapy should be guided by susceptibility testing. In general, treatment often involves agents active against Gram-negative bacteria, with options including carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, or aminoglycosides, depending on susceptibility.

Genomics and taxonomy: Genomic studies have been conducted on Ochrobactrum species, revealing genetic diversity and potential virulence factors. The genus is of ongoing taxonomic interest as molecular methods refine species boundaries within Brucellaceae.