Neuropénico

Neuropénico is a term that describes a state of significant depletion of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell crucial for fighting bacterial and fungal infections. This condition is medically referred to as neutropenia. Neutrophils are a primary component of the innate immune system, and their low levels leave an individual highly susceptible to infections that can become severe and life-threatening.

Neutropenia can arise from various causes. It can be congenital, meaning present from birth due to genetic defects in neutrophil production or function. More commonly, it is acquired, developing later in life. Acquired neutropenia can result from chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat cancer, as these treatments can damage the bone marrow, the site of neutrophil production. Certain autoimmune diseases can also lead to the destruction of neutrophils. Medications, particularly some antibiotics and antipsychotics, can induce neutropenia as a side effect. Viral infections can temporarily suppress neutrophil production. In some instances, the cause of neutropenia remains unknown, a condition termed idiopathic neutropenia.

The severity of neutropenia is often categorized by the absolute neutrophil count (ANC). A low ANC indicates an increased risk of infection. Symptoms of neutropenia are primarily related to the infections that develop due to the weakened immune system. These can include fever, chills, sore throat, mouth sores, skin infections, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis typically involves a complete blood count (CBC) with differential to measure the ANC. Management focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, preventing infections through hygiene and sometimes prophylactic antibiotics or antifungals, and in severe cases, stimulating neutrophil production with growth factors.