Miraa

Miraa, also known as *khat* (scientific name *Catha edulis*), is a perennial shrub native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Its leaves and young shoots are traditionally chewed for their mild stimulant effects, which have been used culturally and medicinally for centuries. The plant contains alkaloids such as cathinone and cathine, which produce a combination of euphoria, increased alertness, and suppressed appetite.

Historically, miraa has been consumed in parts of East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Horn of Africa as part of social and religious practices. In regions like Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen, it has been integrated into daily life, often chewed in communal settings. The leaves are typically fresh and may be mixed with lime or spices to enhance flavor. While some users report improved focus and sociability, the substance is classified as a controlled drug in many countries due to its potential for dependence and adverse health effects.

Health risks associated with miraa use include increased heart rate, anxiety, insomnia, and long-term dental issues due to prolonged chewing. Chronic use may also lead to psychological dependence, though withdrawal symptoms are generally mild compared to harder stimulants. In recent years, concerns over its legal status and misuse have prompted regulatory actions in some countries, including bans on importation or cultivation.

Culturally, miraa holds significance beyond its psychoactive effects, often symbolizing hospitality and tradition. However, its legal status varies globally, with some nations permitting its use under strict conditions while others prohibit it entirely. Research on its long-term effects remains limited, and its consumption continues to be a subject of debate among health authorities and cultural practitioners.