Minnesbrist

Minnesbrist, a term used in Swedish to describe a reduced ability to recall past information or to form new memories, is a non-technical way to refer to memory impairment. In clinical contexts the phenomenon is usually described as memory impairment or amnesia, and used to distinguish varying severities and patterns of memory loss.

Minnesbrist can present as retrograde memory loss (loss of previously learned memories) or anterograde memory loss (difficulty forming new memories). It may be temporary or persistent and can affect short-term or long-term memory. The impact on daily life varies from mild forgetfulness to significant functional impairment.

Common causes include normal aging as a background factor, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, head injury, stroke, infections, and metabolic or endocrine disorders (for example vitamin B12 deficiency or thyroid problems). Other contributors include sleep deprivation, stress, depression, alcohol or drug use, and certain medications. Risk factors overlap with conditions that affect overall brain health, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

Diagnosis typically involves a medical history and physical and neurological examination, followed by cognitive screening tests and, if needed, comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Imaging studies (MRI or CT) can help identify structural causes and rule out other conditions.

Management focuses on treating underlying causes, adjusting medications if needed, and employing cognitive rehabilitation and memory aids. Lifestyle measures—regular physical activity, social engagement, adequate sleep, and a balanced diet—are commonly recommended to support cognitive function. Prognosis varies: some cases are reversible with treatment of underlying issues, while others are progressive and related to neurodegenerative disease.