Massages

Massages are therapeutic techniques that involve the manipulation of soft tissues, most commonly the muscles, tendons, and connective tissue. Performed by trained practitioners, massage uses hands, fingers, thumbs, elbows, or forearms to apply strokes, kneading, pressure, and stretching. Sessions may occur in clinical, spa, or sports settings and are used for relaxation, rehabilitation, and wellness.

Several modalities exist, including Swedish massage (long, gliding strokes with kneading and light to moderate pressure); deep tissue massage (targeting deeper muscle layers); sports massage (aimed at athletic performance and injury recovery); and bodywork practices such as Thai massage with assisted stretching and shiatsu (Japanese acupressure). Other forms include trigger point therapy and prenatal massage. Some therapists combine massage with aromatherapy or other modalities.

Benefits include reduced muscle tension and soreness, improved circulation and range of motion, and decreased stress. Evidence varies; some reviews show modest benefits for low back or neck pain, but massage should complement, not replace, medical care.

Safety and considerations: massage is generally safe for many people when performed by trained providers. Contraindications include contagious skin conditions, open wounds, acute injuries with fracture, and certain medical conditions where pressure or positioning is contraindicated. Prenatal massage requires practitioners trained in pregnancy techniques. Those with medical questions should consult a healthcare professional before starting massage.

Training and regulation: requirements vary by country and region but typically involve formal training and certification; some jurisdictions require licensing and continuing education for practitioners.

History: massage evidence dates to ancient Egypt, China, India, and Greece, evolving over centuries. In modern times, massage therapy has professional organizations, research, and integration into physical therapy and sports medicine.