Macroseismic
Macroseismic refers to the observation, description, and analysis of the effects of earthquakes on the surface, on structures, and on people. It focuses on macro-scale manifestations of shaking rather than the physical processes at the source or within rocks. The discipline, often called macroseismology, relies on reports of perceived shaking, damage patterns, ground cracks, landslides, and other surface phenomena to characterize an earthquake’s impact at different locations.
A central concept in macroseismology is the intensity of shaking, typically expressed on empirical scales. Historical
Data collection methods involve field surveys and structured questionnaires to gather eyewitness reports, as well as
Limitations arise from subjectivity in perception, differences in construction and maintenance, and local site effects that