MMAs

MMAs, short for mixed martial arts, is a full-contact combat sport that allows a broad set of techniques from different fighting traditions, combining stand-up striking with grappling and ground fighting. Competitors aim to outscore or finish opponents through knockout, submission, or judges' decision. Fights are typically held in a fenced enclosure or ring where medical and refereeing staff enforce safety rules.

Modern MMA developed in the 20th century as styles such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, boxing, kickboxing, and wrestling were brought together in competition. Its mainstream breakout occurred in the 1990s with promotions like the Ultimate Fighting Championship, which gradually introduced standardized weight classes, rounds, gloves, and rules. Over time these rules evolved toward greater safety and sport legitimacy, with national athletic commissions applying oversight to events.

Fights are most commonly contested in three five-minute rounds, with title bouts often scheduled for five rounds; some events use different formats.

Judging typically employs a 10-point must system, evaluating effective striking and grappling, control of the round, aggression, and defense. Common fouls include eye gouging, groin strikes, headbutting, and illegal holds; penalties range from warnings to point deductions and disqualification.

Promotions such as UFC, Bellator, ONE Championship, and PFL organize professional events, while athletic commissions regulate events within their jurisdictions. Fighter training emphasizes cross-disciplinary preparation, often combining Brazilian jiu-jitsu or wrestling with striking arts such as boxing or Muay Thai.

Safety concerns feature prominently, including risks of head trauma and the need for medical screenings and PED testing. MMAs continue to evolve with debates about athlete welfare, rules, and the balance between competition and entertainment.