Lääkeaineyliherkkyysreaktio

Lääkeaineyliherkkyysreaktio, commonly referred to as a drug hypersensitivity reaction, is an adverse immune response triggered by a specific medication. These reactions are not predictable based on the drug's dose or pharmacological action but rather on an individual's immune system's sensitization to the substance. The immune system mistakenly identifies the drug or its metabolite as a harmful foreign entity, initiating a cascade of inflammatory processes.

Symptoms of drug hypersensitivity reactions can vary widely in presentation and severity. They can range from mild skin rashes, itching, and hives to more severe systemic reactions like anaphylaxis, which is a life-threatening condition involving difficulty breathing, swelling of the face and throat, and a sudden drop in blood pressure. Other manifestations can include fever, joint pain, and organ-specific damage. The onset of symptoms can occur within minutes to hours after drug exposure, or sometimes even days or weeks later, particularly with certain types of delayed reactions.

Diagnosis relies on a thorough medical history, including previous adverse reactions to medications, and a detailed physical examination. Diagnostic tests, such as skin prick tests or intradermal tests with the suspected drug, may be employed to confirm the hypersensitivity. In some cases, graded drug challenges under strict medical supervision might be necessary. Management primarily involves immediate discontinuation of the offending drug and avoidance of it in the future. For severe reactions, prompt administration of emergency medications like epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids is crucial. Understanding a patient's medication history is paramount in preventing future hypersensitivity events.