Lesbianism

Lesbianism refers to romantic and sexual attraction between women and to women who identify as lesbian. It is a term within the broader category of homosexuality. Some people prefer other labels, such as "woman-loving woman" or, in a broader sense, "queer." The word lesbian is commonly associated with the ancient Greek island of Lesbos and the poet Sappho, but modern understandings of sexual orientation do not align perfectly with ancient classifications.

Across history, women who love women have appeared in many cultures, though their lives have often been hidden or stigmatized. In the 19th and 20th centuries, legal and medical discourses frequently pathologized female same-sex desire. Beginning in the mid-20th century, lesbian communities and feminist and LGBTQ+ movements contributed to greater visibility, civil rights, and social reform. Today, lesbians participate in diverse communities and advocacy around equality, health, and safety.

Representation and rights have progressed unevenly by country and region. Lesbians have contributed to literature, art, politics, and activism, and some jurisdictions now recognize same-sex relationships, provide anti-discrimination protections, and support family-building options. Despite advances, disparities remain, particularly for lesbians who face intersecting forms of discrimination related to race, ethnicity, class, disability, or immigration status.

Health and well-being considerations emphasize inclusive sexual education, consent, and access to culturally competent healthcare. As with other minority groups, lesbians experience stigma and discrimination in some areas, though many communities and allies work toward greater inclusion, safety, and support.