homosexuality

Homosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by romantic or sexual attraction between members of the same sex. In common usage, individuals who experience such attraction may identify as gay or lesbian. Sexual orientation refers to enduring patterns of attraction, identity, and behavior, and is distinct from gender identity or single sexual acts.

Across cultures and history, same-sex attractions and relationships have appeared in many societies. In the modern era, scientific and medical perspectives shifted from pathologizing homosexuality to recognizing it as a natural variation of human sexuality. Major health and psychology organizations have stated that sexual orientation is not a choice and that attempts to change a person’s orientation are not supported by evidence or ethics.

Legal and social status for homosexual people varies widely by country and culture. Some places recognize same-sex marriage, provide anti-discrimination protections, and support family rights; others criminalize same-sex activity or restrict rights. Public attitudes toward homosexuality influence access to health care, education, employment, and social support, and can affect the well-being and safety of individuals.

Prevalence estimates of homosexuality vary with methodology and culture. Most surveys indicate that a minority of adults identify as homosexual, though figures depend on how questions are asked and how identities are categorized. Public health and social research emphasize inclusive care, anti-stigma efforts, and the rights of people who are homosexual, as part of broader conversations about LGBTQ+ rights and well-being.