Laparoscopic

Laparoscopic is an adjective relating to laparoscopy, a minimally invasive surgical technique in which operations are performed through small abdominal incisions using a laparoscope and specialized instruments. A camera-equipped instrument (the laparoscope) provides visualization on a monitor, allowing the surgeon to perform procedures without large open incisions.

The procedure involves inserting a few small ports through the abdominal wall. The abdomen is typically inflated with carbon dioxide to create working space. Through these ports, surgeons insert a rigid or flexible endoscope and long instruments, using video guidance to carry out the operation. Most laparoscopic procedures are performed under general anesthesia, though some can be done with regional anesthesia or sedation in select cases.

The technique emerged in the late 20th century and achieved rapid adoption after pivotal reports in the 1980s and 1990s. It is now widely used across general surgery, gynecology, and urology, with variations such as single-incision laparoscopy and robotic-assisted laparoscopy.

Common procedures include cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), appendectomy, hernia repair, colectomy for colorectal disease, and various gynecologic surgeries such as oophorectomy or tubal ligation.

Advantages over open surgery include smaller incisions, reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, and fewer wound complications. Limitations include longer operative times for some cases, the need for specialized equipment and training, and the potential for injury to intra-abdominal structures. In complex cases or when visualization is inadequate, surgeons may convert to an open operation. Safety depends on appropriate patient selection, surgeon experience, and adherence to sterile technique.