Lantionpohja

Lantionpohja, or pelvic floor, is the group of muscles, ligaments and connective tissue that forms the bottom of the pelvic cavity. It supports pelvic organs such as the bladder, uterus and rectum in women, and the bladder, rectum and prostate in men. It also contributes to continence and intra-abdominal pressure regulation and plays a role in core stability during movement and lifting.

Anatomy and structure: The main muscle components are the levator ani (pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, puborectalis) and the coccygeus. These muscles attach to the pubic bones, the ischial spines and the coccyx, forming a funnel-like sling around the urethra, vagina and anorectal junction.

Innervation and function: The pelvic floor is supplied by the pudendal nerve (S2–S4) and pelvic splanchnic nerves, providing motor and sensory input. Its functions include supporting pelvic organs, maintaining continence for urine and stool, aiding in sexual function, and helping regulate intra-abdominal pressure.

Disorders and risk factors: Common conditions include pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence and chronic pelvic pain. Risk factors include vaginal childbirth, aging, obesity, chronic cough, constipation and previous pelvic surgery.

Diagnostics and treatment: Evaluation typically involves a pelvic examination, with possible urodynamic testing or imaging (ultrasound, MRI). Treatments range from conservative measures—pelvic floor exercises (Kegel), physiotherapy with biofeedback, and lifestyle changes or pessaries—to surgery for prolapse or incontinence (such as colporrhaphy, sacrocolpopexy or sling procedures).

Prevention and prognosis: Regular pelvic floor training, maintaining a healthy weight, managing constipation, and avoiding heavy lifting can reduce risk of dysfunction. Prognosis varies by condition and treatment; many improve with conservative care, though prolapse may recur.