Laminitis

Laminitis is a painful hoof disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to the laminae, the tissue that attaches the hoof wall to the coffin bone (distal phalanx). In horses and other hoofed animals, this damage can loosen the connection between the hoof capsule and the bone, allowing the coffin bone to rotate or sink, which compromises the structure of the hoof.

Causes and risk factors include systemic illness (such as endotoxemia from colic or severe illness), excessive intake of starch or sugars, obesity, and endocrinopathies like equine metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID, Cushing’s). Hyperinsulinemia associated with these conditions increases risk. Local factors such as excessive concussion, improper trimming, or mechanical stresses can contribute as well.

Signs of laminitis range from acute to chronic. Acute presentations include a shifting stance, reluctance to move, a stiff gait, a strong digital pulse, heat in the hooves, and sensitivity to hoof testers. Chronic laminitis may show hoof wall changes (cracking, rings, separation) and rotation or sinking of the coffin bone on radiographs.

Diagnosis relies on clinical signs, palpation, and imaging. Hoof radiographs are used to assess the degree of coffin bone rotation or sinking and to guide treatment planning and prognosis.

Treatment requires veterinary input and aims to relieve pain, limit further laminar damage, and address the underlying cause. Management typically includes anti-inflammatory medications, measures to lower hoof temperature (such as cryotherapy), corrective trimming and shoeing, appropriate rest and stall housing, and dietary modification to manage insulin and carbohydrate intake. Prevention focuses on weight management, balanced diet, routine hoof care, and early treatment of systemic illnesses to reduce recurrence risk.

Prognosis varies with severity and promptness of treatment; some horses recover with ongoing management, while severe cases may result in chronic lameness.