LCMV

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an arenavirus that infects rodents, most notably the common house mouse (Mus musculus), and can cause disease in humans. It is a single species within the Arenaviridae family and is used as a model for studying arenavirus biology. The virus has a segmented, negative-sense RNA genome organized into two RNA segments, L and S, encoding the polymerase and Z protein on the L segment and the nucleocapsid protein and a glycoprotein precursor on the S segment. The mature virion presents surface glycoproteins GP1 and GP2 derived from the GPC precursor and typically uses the alpha-dystroglycan receptor to enter cells.

Transmission and reservoir

LCMV is primarily a rodent-borne virus. Humans acquire infection through exposure to infected rodent urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials, often via inhalation of aerosols or via direct contact. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can occur, leading to congenital infection. Laboratory exposure and occupational contact in research settings are additional routes of infection.

Clinical presentation

In adults and otherwise healthy individuals, LCMV infection often causes a febrile illness with flu-like symptoms and may include aseptic meningitis or meningoencephalitis. Neurologic symptoms such as headache, confusion, and neck stiffness can occur. Congenital LCMV infection can cause severe fetal or neonatal disease, including hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, microcephaly, and neurodevelopmental impairment. Most infections are self-limited, but severe disease can occur, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis relies on LCMV-specific serology (IgM and IgG) and molecular methods such as RT-PCR from blood or CSF, or virus isolation in specialized laboratories. There is no widely available vaccine. Most cases are managed with supportive care; ribavirin has been used in severe or congenital infections in some instances, but evidence is limited. Prevention focuses on reducing rodent exposure, especially for pregnant individuals, and maintaining good hygiene and rodent control. Laboratory safety measures are essential in settings handling arenaviruses.