KraftWärmeKopp

KraftWärmeKopp is the term used in German-speaking contexts to denote Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK), or combined heat and power (CHP). It refers to systems that simultaneously generate electricity and useful heat from a single energy source, with the goal of improving overall energy efficiency by capturing heat that would otherwise be wasted in power production. CHP installations range from small micro-CHP units for individual buildings to large industrial or district heating plants.

Operation and technology: A typical CHP plant uses a prime mover such as a natural gas engine, gas turbine, steam turbine, or fuel cell. The mechanical or electrical energy is produced, while the waste heat is recovered through a heat exchanger and supplied to space heating, process heat, or district heating networks. CHP systems are designed to match electricity production with heat demand, and can be integrated with thermal energy storage or district heating grids to improve utilization.

Performance and applications: Electrical efficiencies for CHP units commonly lie in the 25–45% range, with total system efficiency (electric plus usable heat) often reaching 70–90% depending on scale, heat use, and operating conditions. Applications include industrial facilities, commercial buildings, hospitals, universities, and residential micro-CHP. CHP can reduce primary energy consumption, lower fuel costs, and contribute to grid stability by providing peak-shaving and local generation.

Policy and economics: Many countries, including Germany, support CHP through legislation and incentives that encourage efficient energy use, emissions reductions, and integration with district heating. The Kraft-Wärme-Kopplunggesetz (KWKG) and related regulatory frameworks cover subsidies, tax considerations, and market mechanisms to promote CHP deployment and operation.