Kontusion

Kontusion, commonly called a contusion, is a localized injury resulting from blunt trauma that damages small blood vessels beneath the skin or within tissues, producing bleeding into surrounding tissues without an open wound. It is characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration at the injury site.

Causes include falls, sports injuries, vehicle collisions, and direct blows. The underlying mechanism involves rupture of capillaries and small vessels, leading to hematoma formation, edema, and an inflammatory response that causes pain and stiffness. Contusions can affect skin, muscles, bones, or internal organs, depending on the force and location of impact.

Signs and symptoms typically include focal tenderness, swelling, ecchymosis (bruising), warmth, and reduced function of the affected area. Diagnosis is usually clinical. Imaging is reserved for suspected deeper tissue injury, occult fracture, organ contusion, or prolonged symptoms; ultrasound or MRI may assess soft tissue contusions, while CT or MRI may be used for chest, brain, or abdominal contusions.

Treatment emphasizes protection and symptom relief: rest, ice application in the first 24 to 48 hours, compression, and elevation. Analgesics such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used as appropriate. Gradual rehabilitation helps restore range of motion and strength, and activity should be increased gradually to prevent reinjury.

Complications can include myositis ossificans in larger muscle contusions, and, in limb injuries, potential compartment syndrome. Most contusions heal without lasting sequelae, with recovery time varying by location and severity. Prevention focuses on protective equipment, safe training practices, and fall or impact avoidance.