Kochlearimplantater

Kochlearimplantater, or cochlear implants, are electronic medical devices that provide a sense of sound to people with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss who receive limited benefit from conventional hearing aids. They do not restore normal hearing but can substantially improve speech perception and daily communication.

A cochlear implant has two main components: an external speech processor and transmitter, and an internal implant with a receiver and an electrode array surgically placed in the cochlea. Sound is captured by a microphone, processed into signals, transmitted across the skin, and converted into electrical pulses by the internal device.

Candidacy is established through medical and audiological evaluation. Adults and children with little or no benefit from hearing aids, appropriate health status, and realistic expectations may be offered implantation. Evaluation typically includes hearing tests, imaging, and an assistance trial with hearing devices.

Implantation is a surgical procedure performed under general anesthesia. Risks include infection, device failure, dizziness or vertigo, and rarely facial nerve injury or meningitis. After surgery, the external processor is fitted, and a process called mapping adjusts the electrical settings to the individual’s perception. Outcomes vary and are influenced by factors such as age at implantation, duration of deafness, and ongoing rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation is important and may involve auditory training and speech therapy. Outcomes improve with early implantation, longer use, and consistent post-implantation therapy. Maintenance includes device care, software updates, and periodic replacement of components. Costs are typically covered by health systems or insurers in many countries.

Historically, cochlear implants were developed in the late 20th century, with early successes in the 1980s and rapid improvements since, broadening access to both pediatric and adult populations.