Katolicism

Katolicism, commonly written Catholicism, is a branch of Christianity defined by apostolic succession, the authority of the Pope, and communion with Rome. The name derives from Greek katholikos, meaning universal. In practice, Catholicism comprises the Roman Catholic Church—the largest Christian communion—and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with Rome, each with its own liturgy.

Catholic theology holds that revelation comes from Scripture and Sacred Tradition, interpreted by the Magisterium. The Pope, based in Vatican City, is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter and the universal pastor of the Church. Core beliefs include the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the seven sacraments, the veneration of Mary and the saints, and a structured moral teaching authority.

Worship centers on the liturgy, especially the Mass, in which Catholics participate in the Eucharist. The seven sacraments are baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, reconciliation, anointing of the sick, holy orders, and matrimony. Practices and devotions vary by rite but share commitments to worship, prayer, charity, and social teaching.

Church organization is hierarchical: bishops govern dioceses, priests serve parishes, and religious orders undertake education, care, and mission work. The Catholic Church is globally dispersed, with about 1.3 billion adherents, and operates through dioceses, universities, hospitals, and charitable organizations. Historically, Catholicism developed in early Christianity, was shaped by encounters with the Roman Empire, the Great Schism, and the Reformation, and was later revised by the Second Vatican Council. Ecumenical engagement with other Christian communities and dialogue with other faiths remain important aspects of its modern posture.