Schism

Schism is a division or split within a group arising from doctrinal, political, or organizational disagreements, often leading to the formation of two or more separate factions or institutions. The term is most commonly used in religious contexts but applies to political parties, movements, and other associations.

Etymology: from Latin schisma, via Greek skhisma "cleavage, split" from skhizein "to split."

In Christian history, the term is frequently applied to major ecclesial splits. The East–West Schism of 1054, sometimes called the Great Schism, divided the Christian Church into the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic communion, over issues of papal authority, liturgical practices, and other theological and political factors. The Western Schism of 1378–1417 involved rival popes and councils, further weakening papal authority until resolved by the Council of Constance. The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century led to a wave of denominational splits from the Roman Catholic Church, producing Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, and other churches; these were often accompanied by political and social upheaval.

Schisms can also occur within secular organizations, such as political parties or advocacy groups, when factions disagree over leadership, strategy, or ideology, sometimes resulting in the creation of separate parties or organizations.

Impact and context: Schisms can redefine religious or political landscapes, affect governance, and influence cultural development. They may be temporary or enduring, peaceful or contentious, and reconcilable or permanent divides.