Kapacitív

Kapacitív is a term used in Ukrainian and neighboring languages to refer to capacitive technology, derived from the word "capacitor." Capacitive sensing is an electronic technique that exploits changes in capacitance caused by the presence or proximity of an object, often a human finger. The technology is widely employed in touchscreens, proximity sensors, and various industrial sensors.

The basic principle relies on the capacitor equation C=ε·A/d, where C is capacitance, ε is the permittivity of the dielectric material, A is the overlapping area of the plates, and d is the separation distance. When an object such as a finger approaches a sensor, the effective dielectric constant changes because the body and the surrounding air have different permittivities, causing a measurable change in capacitance. This change is detected and processed to trigger an action.

Kapacitív sensors can be classified into planar, line, or mat configurations. Planar sensors use a flat electrode array, line sensors consist of a single conductive strip, and mat sensors form a grid that can detect touch positions in two dimensions. The sensors can be fabricated on glass, plastic, or metal substrates, and can be packaged in either analog or digital form. The most common modern implementation uses a field‑effect transistor array to drive and read the electrodes, allowing for high density and low power consumption.

Applications of Kapacitív technology include smartphones, tablets, automotive controls, industrial machinery, medical instruments, and smart home devices. Advantages over resistive or optical touch approaches include higher durability, lower parasitic resistance, and the ability to detect multi‑touch and soft‑contact gestures. Limitations include sensitivity to environmental humidity, difficulty in detecting small or conductive‑absent objects, and the need for careful grounding and shielding to avoid interference. Despite these challenges, capacitive sensing remains a dominant paradigm in modern human‑machine interfaces.