Ironair

Ironair is a term used in discussions of metal–air battery technology to denote iron-based cells that obtain electrical energy by oxidizing iron with oxygen from the surrounding air. In a typical iron–air arrangement, a porous air electrode, a suitable electrolyte, and an iron-based anode participate in a reaction in which iron is converted to iron oxides during discharge, while oxygen reduction occurs at the air cathode. The concept takes advantage of iron’s abundance and low raw material cost, which could translate into lower material costs for large-scale energy storage if technical challenges can be overcome. However, iron-based air batteries face significant technical hurdles, including corrosion of the iron anode, passivation layers on the electrode, electrolyte stability, and inefficient cycling due to slow reoxidation of iron and oxygen diffusion limitations within the cell.

There are two main variants: primary (non-rechargeable) iron–air cells and rechargeable iron–air batteries. Primary cells can offer very high energy density but require replacement after depletion. Rechargeable implementations aim to reversibly cycle iron between metallic and oxide states, but sustaining long cycle life has proven difficult. Research directions include protective coatings for iron, advanced electrolytes that suppress side reactions, oxygen electrode catalysts to improve reduction kinetics, and designs that manage gas evolution and moisture balance.

As of now, iron–air systems remain largely at the research and prototype stage, with no widespread commercial deployment. They are most often discussed for potential grid storage or backup power where cost and material abundance are decisive factors. See also metal–air battery, iron battery.