nonrechargeable

Nonrechargeable batteries, also known as primary batteries, generate electrical energy through irreversible chemical reactions. Once the reactants are used up, the cell cannot be recharged and must be replaced. They are designed for single use and are common where long shelf life, reliability, or high energy density per weight is important.

Common chemistries include alkaline manganese dioxide (the standard AA, AAA, C, and D cells), zinc-carbon, and various lithium primary cells. Zinc-carbon and alkaline cells are inexpensive and suitable for low to moderate drain devices, while lithium primary cells offer higher energy density and longer shelf life for devices with low current draw but extended intended life. Zinc-air batteries are used in hearing aids and are activated by exposure to air. Mercury batteries were historically used in precision devices but have largely been phased out due to environmental concerns.

Applications for nonrechargeables include remote controls, clocks, flashlights, medical devices, and emergency equipment—situations where long life between replacements is advantageous. They are not designed to be recharged; attempting to recharge can cause leakage, rupture, or fire.

Safety and disposal are important considerations. These batteries contain chemicals and metals that can be hazardous, so disposal should follow local regulations and recycling programs when available. Some chemistries, such as lithium primary batteries, require special handling. Store and use them away from heat and puncture risks.

Nonrechargeables are distinct from rechargeable (secondary) batteries, which rely on reversible chemical reactions and can be charged and discharged many times.