Infertilitas

Infertilitas refers to the condition in which a person or couple is unable to conceive after a period of regular, unprotected intercourse. Most guidelines define infertility as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months (or six months if the person is 35 years or older). It is recognized as a disease by major health organizations and can affect individuals of any sex, age, or geographic region. Prevalence estimates vary, but infertility is commonly cited as affecting about 10–15% of couples worldwide, with rising recognition as more couples seek evaluation.

Causes are diverse and may involve female factors (such as ovulatory disorders, tubal or peritoneal disease, uterine abnormalities, or endometriosis), male factors (sperm production, quality, or delivery issues), combined factors, or unexplained infertility. Age is a major determinant, particularly for female fertility, and lifestyle factors like body weight, smoking, and alcohol use can influence outcomes.

Diagnosis typically begins with a medical history, physical examination, and targeted testing. Common evaluations include semen analysis for the partner, assessment of ovulation, hormonal testing, pelvic ultrasound, and imaging studies to assess the uterus and fallopian tubes. Additional tests may be used based on findings.

Management centers on addressing identifiable causes and optimizing fertility potential. Options range from lifestyle modifications and medication to induce ovulation, to surgical interventions for tubal or uterine conditions, and to assisted reproductive technologies such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF), including more specialized methods like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Psychological support and counseling are often beneficial, given the emotional impact. Treatments are individualized, with success depending on age, diagnosis, and duration of Infertilitas.