Inebriation

Inebriation is the condition of being intoxicated, most commonly as a result of ethanol consumed in alcoholic beverages. The term describes impairment of mental and motor functions caused by alcohol, though it can also refer to intoxication from other psychoactive substances. The degree of inebriation depends on dose, time since consumption, body weight, sex, metabolism, tolerance, and interactions with other substances. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a common measure of intoxication and influences legal and safety decisions; in many jurisdictions a BAC of 0.08% is the legal limit for driving, though impairment can occur at lower levels and individual variation is significant.

Symptoms range from mild to severe. Early signs include euphoria, increased sociability, and reduced inhibitions, followed by slower reaction time, poorer concentration, and impaired judgment. At higher levels, speech becomes slurred, balance is compromised, memory and coordination decline, and there is a risk of vomiting, loss of consciousness, or coma. The risk of injury or overdose increases with dose and with co-ingestion of other depressants.

Short-term health risks include accidents, violence, and alcohol poisoning. Long-term heavy use can lead to alcohol use disorder and physical health problems such as liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, nutritional deficiencies, and mental health disorders.

Management of intoxication focuses on safety and monitoring; severe cases require medical attention. For alcohol use disorder, evidence-based treatments include motivational approaches, behavioral therapies, and, when appropriate, medications and ongoing support.