Hypnoosi

Hypnoosi is a trance-like state in which a person experiences focused attention and heightened susceptibility to suggestion. It is typically induced by a trained practitioner through guided relaxation, imagery, and verbal cues, and is used in clinical, therapeutic, and occasionally entertainment contexts.

Historically, practices resembling hypnosis date to early mesmerism in the 18th century. The term hypnosis was popularized in the 19th century by James Braid, who described it as a state of concentrated attention and responsiveness to suggestion. Since then, theories of hypnosis have evolved, emphasizing psychology and brain processes rather than occult explanations.

Mechanistically, hypnosis is not fully understood. Current views describe it as involving focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, passive response to suggestion, and alterations in conscious control. Neuroimaging studies have reported changes in brain networks related to attention, perception, and executive control during hypnotic states.

Common induction techniques include progressive relaxation, guided imagery, eye fixation, and rapid inductions. Suggestions can target perceptions, sensations, memories, or behaviors. Self-hypnosis is a related practice in which individuals apply similar methods on their own.

Hypnosis is used for pain control, anxiety reduction, behavioral change (such as smoking cessation), and management of conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and insomnia. In dentistry and medicine, it may reduce distress and improve cooperation. Evidence is strongest for pain and anxiety reduction, with more mixed results for other conditions.

Safety depends on the context and practitioner training. Ethical guidelines emphasize informed consent, transparency about limitations, and avoidance of coercive or deceptive practices. Potential risks include distress, dissociation, or the creation of false memories, especially when not conducted by qualified professionals.