Hyperdonti

Hyperdonti is a term used in dentistry to refer to hyperdontia, a condition characterized by the presence of one or more supernumerary teeth beyond the normal dentition. These extra teeth can appear in both primary and permanent teeth, but are most common in the maxillary (upper) region. The most frequent form is a mesiodens, a supernumerary tooth between the upper central incisors. Extra teeth may erupt, remain impacted, or be covered by gum tissue.

The cause of hyperdonti is not fully understood. It is believed to involve genetic factors and disturbances during tooth development, such as hyperactivity of the dental lamina. It can occur alone or as part of syndromes such as Gardner syndrome, cleidocranial dysostosis, or Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.

Most supernumerary teeth are asymptomatic and found on routine radiographs. They can cause crowding, delayed eruption of adjacent teeth, diastemas, or impaction, and in some cases cyst formation.

Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and imaging, with panoramic radiographs being a common first step; 3D imaging may be used for precise localization. Management is case dependent. Asymptomatic teeth may be left alone, while those causing crowding or eruption problems are commonly removed, often followed by orthodontic treatment.