Hydraulisch

Hydraulisch is the German adjective for hydraulic, referring to systems and components that use pressurized liquid to transmit force and control motion. In engineering, hydraulics covers the behavior of fluids in confined spaces and the devices that convert fluid energy into mechanical work. The term is widely used to describe equipment that relies on incompressible liquids, typically mineral oil or synthetic hydraulic fluids.

The underlying principle is Pascal's law: pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. When a pump pressurizes fluid in a closed circuit, the pressure acts on pistons and actuators, producing an output force equal to the pressure times the piston area. By changing the relative areas of input and output pistons, hydraulic systems can multiply force and control speed and position.

Key components include hydraulic fluid, a reservoir, a pump, and actuators such as cylinders and hydraulic motors. Control is achieved with valves that regulate flow and pressure. Common pump types are gear, vane, and piston pumps. Fluids are chosen for viscosity, lubricity, and temperature stability, with fire-resistant or synthetic fluids used in specific applications.

Applications range from construction machinery, presses, and aircraft control systems to automotive braking and steering. Hydraulics offer high force density, smooth, controllable motion, and precise control. Limitations include potential leaks, heat generation, fluid contamination, and sensitivity to temperature and viscosity changes. Proper maintenance, filtration, and component design are essential for safe and reliable operation.