Hudkarsinom

Hudkarsinom, or skin carcinoma, is a malignant tumor arising from the epidermis and its appendages. It is the most common form of skin cancer and mainly includes basal cell carcinoma (basaliom) and squamous cell carcinoma (skivepitelscancer). Melanoma is a distinct entity and is not classified as hudkarsinom. Basal cell carcinoma tends to grow slowly and rarely spreads, while squamous cell carcinoma is more likely to invade surrounding tissue and, in some cases, metastasize.

Risk factors for hudkarsinom include cumulative ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure, tanning beds, fair skin, light hair or eyes, older age, and male sex. Immunosuppression, previous radiation therapy, arsenic exposure, and chronic wounds or scars can also increase risk. Genetic conditions can predispose some individuals to specific subtypes.

Clinical presentation varies by subtype. Basal cell carcinoma often appears as a pearly or waxy bump, sometimes with visible blood vessels or a scar-like area that does not heal. Squamous cell carcinoma may present as a firm, red, scaly plaque or a non-healing ulcer, frequently with indurated borders. Diagnosis is based on histopathological examination of a biopsy. Imaging is reserved for extensive or high-risk disease.

Treatment aims to remove or destroy the tumor with clear margins. Options include surgical excision, Mohs micrographic surgery, electrodesiccation with curettage, cryotherapy, and topical or photodynamic therapies for superficial BCC. Radiotherapy is used for non-surgical candidates. Advanced basal cell carcinoma can be treated with hedgehog pathway inhibitors; advanced squamous cell carcinoma may be treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Prognosis is generally favorable for BCC, while SCC carries a higher risk of recurrence and, in some cases, metastasis, particularly in high-risk tumors. Prevention focuses on sun protection and regular skin examinations.