SCC

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant tumor arising from squamous cells, the flat epithelial cells that line many surfaces of the body, including the skin, airways, and digestive tract. It is a common form of cancer in several organs and can be highly aggressive depending on location and stage.

SCC can develop wherever squamous epithelium exists. The most frequent forms are cutaneous SCC on sun-exposed skin, and mucosal SCC arising in the head and neck region (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx), lungs, esophagus, cervix, and anus. Cutaneous SCC is the second most common skin cancer in many populations, and mucosal sites account for a substantial portion of cancer morbidity worldwide.

Risk factors for SCC vary by site but commonly include ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sun exposure, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. Other factors include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in anogenital and oropharyngeal sites, chronic wounds or scars, immunosuppression, prior radiation, and exposure to certain chemicals. Age and fair skin increase risk for skin SCC.

Diagnosis typically relies on tissue biopsy with histopathologic examination. Pathology often shows malignant squamous cells forming keratin pearls, intercellular bridges, and varying degrees of keratinization. Staging uses the TNM system to assess tumor size and extent, nodal involvement, and distant metastasis, guiding treatment planning.

Treatment depends on site and stage and may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In some cases, targeted therapies (for example, anti-EGFR agents) or immunotherapies are used, particularly for advanced disease. Prognosis varies by location and stage, with early-detected cancers generally having better outcomes; prevention emphasizes sun protection, avoidance of tobacco and excessive alcohol, HPV vaccination where appropriate, and regular screening in high-risk groups.