HolsteinFriesian

The Holstein-Friesian is a dairy cattle breed developed in the Dutch province of Friesland and the German region of Schleswig-Holstein. It is the most widespread dairy breed worldwide and dominates milk production in many countries, accounting for a large share of commercial dairy herds.

In appearance, the breed is large and framy, built for high milk output. The classic coat is black and white, though red and white color forms exist and are recognized in some registries. Holsteins typically have a well-attached udder and strong milking efficiency, with a body conformation that supports high production and longevity under managed dairy systems.

Holstein-Friesians are renowned for high milk yield. Average production per lactation commonly falls in the range of 9,000 to 12,000 kilograms, with milk that is balanced for fluid use and processing. Milk composition varies with diet and management, but Holsteins are often characterized by moderate fat and protein levels relative to other dairy breeds. The breed is frequently managed in intensive, stall-based systems or free-stall housing with mechanized milking.

Breeding and management centers on reinforcing milking performance, udder health, fertility, and durability. Artificial insemination programs and genetic selection in Holsteins have driven rapid gains in production, while many programs also address health and longevity. Across markets, Holsteins are the foundation of modern dairy production, with numerous national registries and breeding associations maintaining breed standards and performance records.

Distribution and use are global, with the breed prevailing in North America, parts of Europe, South America, and Australasia. Red Holstein variants are recognized in several registries, reflecting ongoing diversification within the breed.