Hmar

The Hmar are a Tibeto-Burman-speaking ethnic group of Northeast India and Myanmar, belonging to the Zo peoples. They are mainly found in the Indian states of Manipur and Mizoram, with smaller communities in Assam, and also in Myanmar along the border.

The Hmar language, part of the Kuki-Chin sub-branch of Tibeto-Burman, is closely related to other Zo languages. It is typically written in the Latin script in modern usage, and many Hmar are bilingual in state official languages such as Manipuri or Mizo.

Historically, the Hmar trace their origins to migrations from the Lushai Hills region (present-day Mizoram) during the 18th and 19th centuries. They traditionally lived in hillside villages organized around clan lineages; agriculture, particularly shifting (jhum) cultivation, and seasonal community activities formed the basis of village life.

Religion and culture: since the 19th and 20th centuries, most Hmar have become Christians, with Baptist and Pentecostal churches playing a central social role. Some continue to observe traditional beliefs and practices. Cultural life includes music, dance, and distinctive dress shared with other Zo groups, and festival performances such as bamboo dances are commonly featured at celebrations.

Contemporary status: In India, the Hmar are officially recognized as a Scheduled Tribe in certain states, and they participate in regional politics and civil society organizations. They maintain a distinct ethnic identity while engaging with broader Mizoram-Manipur regional cultures and modern state institutions.