Herniatsiooni

Herniatsiooni, commonly described in English as herniation, refers to the protrusion of tissue through an opening or weakened area in surrounding structures. It is a general medical concept that can apply to several organ systems, and the term may appear in different languages in forms such as a noun describing the process.

The most familiar forms are spinal disc herniation, abdominal wall hernias (including inguinal, femoral, umbilical, and incisional hernias), and hiatal hernia. Brain herniation is a distinct and life‑threatening condition caused by rapidly rising intracranial pressure that pushes brain tissue through natural openings. In other contexts, fat, intestine, or other tissues can protrude through defects, with consequences ranging from cosmetic concerns to functional impairment.

Causes and risk factors include increased internal pressures (heavy lifting, coughing, constipation), congenital weaknesses, prior surgery, aging, obesity, and trauma. The specific cause and location determine symptoms, which can range from a visible bulge and discomfort to severe pain, obstruction, or neurological signs.

Diagnosis typically combines physical examination with imaging or endoscopic studies tailored to the suspected type. Ultrasound, CT, or MRI help characterize the herniation and guide treatment decisions; brain herniation requires urgent neurocritical care and imaging.

Treatment depends on type, size, symptoms, and risk of complications. Small, asymptomatic hernias may be monitored. Non-surgical management—pain relief, physical therapy, weight control, and lifestyle adjustments—can help in some cases. Most abdominal and some inguinal hernias are repaired surgically, often with mesh, using open or laparoscopic approaches. Brain herniation requires prompt surgical decompression and management of intracranial pressure.

Prognosis varies by location and severity; prevention focuses on reducing risk factors such as obesity, heavy lifting, constipation, and persistent coughing.