Hepatotoksisuus

Hepatotoksisuus refers to liver damage caused by exposure to certain chemicals, including drugs, toxins, and natural substances. The liver is a vital organ responsible for numerous metabolic functions, making it susceptible to injury from a wide range of exogenous agents. When the liver is exposed to a hepatotoxin, it can interfere with normal cellular processes, leading to inflammation, cell death, and impaired liver function.

The mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are diverse and depend on the specific agent. Some toxins can directly kill liver cells, while others can trigger an immune response that attacks the liver. Certain substances may be metabolized into toxic byproducts within the liver, causing damage. The severity of hepatotoxicity can range from mild, transient elevations in liver enzymes to severe, life-threatening conditions like acute liver failure.

Common causes of drug-induced liver injury include certain antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), statins, and herbal supplements. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a well-known example of a drug that can cause severe hepatotoxicity in overdose. Environmental toxins, such as certain pesticides, industrial chemicals, and even some naturally occurring substances like aflatoxins found in moldy foods, can also be hepatotoxic.

Symptoms of hepatotoxicity can vary but may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dark urine. Diagnosis often involves blood tests to measure liver enzymes and bilirubin levels, as well as imaging studies. Treatment focuses on removing the offending agent and supportive care to manage symptoms and promote liver healing. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.