Gonadectomy

Gonadectomy is a surgical procedure that removes one or both gonads, the testes in males and the ovaries in females. When the testes are removed, the operation is called an orchiectomy; when the ovaries are removed, it is called an oophorectomy. A bilateral gonadectomy removes both gonads, while unilateral procedures remove only one.

In humans, gonadectomy is performed for several indications. It can be a treatment for hormone-sensitive cancers, such as orchiectomy or medical castration for metastatic prostate cancer, and it may be used as a risk-reducing surgery for individuals at high genetic risk of ovarian or breast cancer. It may also be performed for sterilization or as part of gender-affirming treatment for some transgender people. Where appropriate, less invasive methods such as chemical or medical castration may be used as alternatives to surgery.

In veterinary medicine, gonadectomy is a common practice for sterilization of companion animals. Spaying (ovaries and often uterus removal) and neutering (testes removal) reduce unwanted reproduction and can influence certain behaviors and health outcomes.

Risks and consequences include irreversible loss of reproductive function and associated hormonal changes, potential menopausal or hypogonadal symptoms, and long-term health effects such as changes in bone density or cardiovascular risk. Surgical risks include anesthesia-related complications, infection, and bleeding. Postoperative recovery and counseling about fertility, hormone status, and lifestyle implications are standard parts of care.

Ethical and social considerations encompass informed consent, especially for minors or gender-affirming patients, and weighing the benefits against potential harms and alternatives.